Innate immune cells can adopt long-term inflammatory phenotypes following brief
encounters with exogenous (microbial) or endogenous stimuli. This phenomenon is named
trained immunity and can improve host defense against (recurrent) infections. In contrast,
trained immunity can also be maladaptive in the context of chronic inflammatory disorders,
such as atherosclerosis. Key to future therapeutic exploitation of this mechanism is thorough
knowledge of the mechanisms driving trained immunity, which can be used as …